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History 2008

   July 28, 2008

The Lost Pyramids of China
by Dave Combattelli

China is certainly at the forefront of most media outlets these days. Going to Beijing is in fact as good as throwing yourself into the Olympics Games press room.  Yet we all know China has a lot more to offer.  The Great Wall, The Terracotta Army, The Forbidden City and the Beautiful Tiger Leaping Gorge.  It's a land full of history and incredible culture.

About eight years ago I began to research a journey that would lead me to some of the lesser known places on earth.  I was looking for something that people didn't know about.  Inspired by the amazing white pyramids in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, a little digging around brought me to some interesting articles on the rumored Pyramids in China.

The first actual recorded references came from a post WW2 United States Air Force survey over the Qinling mountains, just outside Xi'an.   A great white pyramid was identified, and then made classified information.  In the mid 1990's a German tour operator, Hartwig Hausdorf, took photographs of this and many more Pyramid like objects he found in the area.  He published, Die Weisse Pyramide, which was later translated into English under the revised title, The Chinese Roswell (1998).

In actual fact that great white Pyramid is the Maoling Mausoleum. Though there is still much speculation on this from various amateur sources.  What's more interesting is that there are a lot more than just one pyramid in China.  There are hundreds.

To most a pyramid is Giza in Egypt.  A sand colored pyramidal shaped object made out of stone blocks.  It was used to bury emperors and rulers of this ancient land.  They are in fact tombs.  As are the pyramids in Mexico, Central America and China.  All have slight variations, different building materials, but all are pyramidal in structure and were used as burial sites for great leaders.

In 2008 I finally got to visit several of these pyramids.  It must be said; they are not so lost nor hidden.  In fact if one could speak Chinese it would make it even easier to find them.  Luckily, I had a friend that does.  Back in the days of the cold war and China's determination to keep itself to itself, interest in these pyramids was thwarted.  Farmers were told to use the soil and materials in these mounds for their own purposes.  Others were told to plant vegetation and crops over these strange protruding hills that dotted the land around their farms.  Other pyramids were demolished outright while some had trees planted on top of them to try and cover up their shapes.  Then China opened up.

Tourism can destroy many things.  Parkland, silence, history and our hope for a quite day out.  But in this case tourism is helping to recover a lost history.  The Chinese now offer their own tours to the 'mausoleums.'  It's a tour that does not even take in the pyramids themselves, just the surrounding museums and temples.  Yet standing there on top of a lookout point before a green landscape and seeing three huge pyramidal objects leaves you with a sense of unexplored wonder.  Rumor has it that there is a movement within the Chinese tourist office that a 'post 2008 Games China' will focus on the 'new discovery' of ancient pyramids in a bid to continue attracting tourists.

I fear that some actual scientific work will not get accomplished before that time.  I fear that in a rush to make more money, grants will be handed out to convert these mysterious objects into tourist destinations and any evidence of their true historical meaning and past will be erased.

In the meantime, if you happen to be in China and want to see something very few people know about, head to Xi'an.  Don't just head to the impressive Maoling Mausoleum.  Head out into the countryside and look for strange pyramid like shapes.  You will find them.  They've been there for thousands of years, right under our noses.

© 2008 Dave Combattelli

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   February 29, 2008

The Indianization of Southeast Asia
by Noel Tan

If you're in the area, KaalaChakra: The Wheel of Time is a current exhibition at the National Library of Singapore showcasing the influence of Indian culture into ancient Southeast Asia. With the kind permission of the National Library Board, SEAArch brings you highlights from this fascinating exhibition.


Photo by Noel Tan

 

The term "Indianization" was coined in the early 20th century and was seen as a cultural colonization of Southeast Asia:  the idea was that Indian princes and merchants would set up colonies and trading posts in Southeast Asia – notably, Suvarnabhumi and Suvarnadvipa –  in their desire to build trade with China.  In doing so, they "converted" local populations into their Indian way of life and religion.  Yes, the theory sounds awfully colonial in its thinking, and it fed to another underlying assumption that Southeast Asia was an archaeological backwater compared to the great civilisations of India and China.

Since then, however, a more complex, nuanced picture has emerged.  As archaeological research of the formation of complex societies and polities grew, the evidence pointed to local cultures adopting and assimilating ideas from India to augment and reinforce existing structures of power.  Rather than a one-way replacement of culture, local rulers chose to adopt Indic religions and selectively pick up aspects of this foreign, exotic culture to reinforce their prestige and drawing power as rulers – to the extent that Hinduism proposed a world view order with the king-slash-god at the centre, while Buddhism placed the ruler as someone with superior merit and skill.

KaalaChakra: The Wheel of Time quite nicely and concisely presents evidence for the Indianization of Southeast Asia.  Like the previous exhibition, Aksara: Passage of Malay Scripts, this exhibition gathered some choice artifacts – although some of them replicas – loaned from museums in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Netherlands, all under one roof.

I'm particularly interested in rock art – what I'm working on for my MA research – so I was delighted to find examples of rock art in caves in Thailand featured here.  One petroglyph of the universal sound "om" was found in a cave in the Songkhla province of Thailand.  It's date is unknown, but an educated guess would be the early centuries CE, particularly since it was found in a cave temple.  The site is called Khao Khuha.  Interestingly enough, I was told by the organiser of the exhibition that the word ‘Khuha’ sounds very much like the Tamil word for cave.

Speaking of languages, inscriptions are some of the earliest epigraphic sources of information about Southeast Asia.  As Hinduism became the dominant religion among the ruling elite, Sanskrit, the classical language of Indic religions, was used along with Indian scripts that were adapted and evolved into local tongues today.

There are also a few exhibits that have never been seen outside their home country, such as an inscription from Wat Pra Mahathat from Nakhon Si Thammarat in Southern Thailand.  The inscription, written in a Tamil-Grantha and an unknown non-Indian script, is as yet untranslated and the National Library is currently inviting researchers to study it.

KaalaChakra: The Wheel of Time is on at the 10th floor of the Lee Kong Chian library at Victoria Street until May 2008.  Special thanks to the National Library Board for the kind permission to take photographs of this exhibition.

SEAARch:  The Indianization of Southeast Asia

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